The Fluorotron is used by many investigators to measure fluorescently labeled compounds in the eye.
This can be used to determine both the penetration and residence time of drug compounds. This has been particularly popular in measuring the residence time of larger molecules used to treat retinal disorders as well as novel delivery mechanisms.
Selected References:
Bhattacharya M, Sadeghi A, Sarkhel S, Hagström M, Bahrpeyma S, Toropainen E, Auriola S, Urtti A. Release of functional dexamethasone by intracellular enzymes: A modular peptide-based strategy for ocular drug delivery. J Control Release 327:584-594 (2020). PubMed
Dickmann LJ, Yip V, Li C, Abundes J Jr, Maia M, Young C, Stainton S, Hass PE, Joseph SB, Prabhu S, Boswell CA. Evaluation of Fluorophotometry to Assess the Vitreal Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56(11):6991-9 (2015). PubMed
Ghate D, Brooks W, McCarey BE, Edelhauser HF. Pharmacokinetics of intraocular drug delivery by periocular injections using ocular fluorophotometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:2230-7 (2007). PubMed
Iselin KC, Bachmann LM, Thiel MA, Sanak F, Baenninger PB, Kaufmann C. A fluorophotometric comparison of anterior chamber riboflavin delivery via corneal application and fornix instillation. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 98(11):627-632 (2023). PubMed
Junnuthula V, Sadeghi Boroujeni A, Cao S, Tavakoli S, Ridolfo R, Toropainen E, Ruponen M, van Hest JCM, Urtti A. Intravitreal Polymeric Nanocarriers with Long Ocular Retention and Targeted Delivery to the Retina and Optic Nerve Head Region. Pharmaceutics 13:445 (2021). PubMed
Sadeghi A, Puranen J, Ruponen M, Valtari A, Subrizi A, Ranta VP, Toropainen E, Urtti A. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal macromolecules: Scaling between rats and rabbits. Eur J Pharm Sci 159:105720 (2021). PubMed
Sadeghi A, Ruponen M, Puranen J, Cao S, Ridolfo R, Tavakoli S, Toropainen E, Lajunen T, Ranta VP, van Hest J, Urtti A. Imaging, quantitation and kinetic modelling of intravitreal nanomaterials. Int J Pharm 621:121800 (2022). PubMed
Yavuz B, Bozdağ Pehlivan S, Sümer Bolu B, Nomak Sanyal R, Vural İ, Ünlü N. Dexamethasone – PAMAM dendrimer conjugates for retinal delivery: preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation. J Pharm Pharmacol 68(8):1010-20 (2016). PubMed