Aqueous Flow

Aliseda Perez D, Fernandez Vila PC, Beneyto Martin P. Study on the aqueous humor flow measured by fluorophotometry after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Int Ophthalmol 16:315- (1992). PubMed

Alvarez LJ, Zamudio AC, Candia OA. Sildenafil stimulates aqueous humor turnover in rabbits. Exp Eye Res. 111:67-70 (2013). PubMed

Anselmi P, Bron AJ, Maurice DM. Action of drugs on the aqueous flow in man measured by fluorophotometry. Exp Eye Res 7:487-496 (1968). PubMed

Araie M. Acute effects of topical phenylephrine on aqueous humor dynamics and corneal endothelial permeability in man. Jpn J Ophthalmol 27:340-345 (1983). PubMed

Araie M. Kinetics of intraocular penetration of topical fluorescein: analysis by new method. Jpn J Ophthalmol 27:421-433 (1983). PubMed

Araie M, Sugiura Y, Minota K, Akazawa K. Effects of the encircling procedure on the aqueous flow rate in retinal detachment eyes: a fluorometric study. Br J Ophthalmol.   71: 510-515 (1987). PubMed

Araie M, Takase M. (Effects of adrenergic agonists and beta adrenergic blocking agents on human aqueous humor dynamics.) Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 84:1436-1446 (1980). PubMed

Araie M, Takase M. Effects of S-596 and carteolol, new beta-adrenergic blockers and flurbiprofen on the human eye: a fluorophotometric study. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 222:259-262 (1985). PubMed

Araie M, Takase M. Effects of various drugs on aqueous humor dynamics in man. J Ophthalmol (Japan) 25:91-111 (1981).

Araie M, Yamamoto T, Shirato S, Kitazawa Y. Effects of laser trabeculoplasty on the human aqueous humor dynamics: A fluorophotometric study. Ann Ophthalmol 16:540-542 (1984). PubMed

Avila MY, Mitchell CH, Stone RA, Civan MM. Noninvasive assessment of aqueous humor turnover in the mouse eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(2):722-7 (2003). PubMed

Azevedo H, Ciarniello MG, Rosignoli MT, Dionisio P, Cunha-Vaz J. Effects of ibopamine eye drops on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow in healthy volunteers and patients with open-angle glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 13(4):370-6 (2003). PubMed

Banker AS, Arevalo JF, Munguia D, Rahhal FM, Ishimoto B, Berry C, De Clercq E, Ochabski R, Taskintuna I, Freeman WR.  Intraocular pressure and aqueous humor dynamics in patients with AIDS treated with intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) for cytomegalovirus retinitis.  Am J Ophthalmol 124:168-180 (1997). PubMed

Bartels S. Aqueous humor flow measured with fluorophotometry in timolol-treated primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:1498 (1988). PubMed

Beilin M, Neumann R, Belkin M, Green K, Bar-Ilan A. Pharmacology of the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of systemic dexanabinol (HU-211), a non-psychotropic cannabinoid. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 16(3):217-30 (2000). PubMed

Beltran-Agullo L, Alaghband P, Obi A, Husain R, Lim KS. The Effect of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Patients With Ocular Hypertension and Primary Open-angle Glaucoma. J Glaucoma. Jun 4. (2012). PubMed

Beltran-Agullo L, Alaghband P, Rashid S, Gosselin J, Obi A, Husain R, Lim KS. Comparative human aqueous dynamics study between black and white subjects with glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(13):9425-30 (2011). PubMed

Beneyto Martin P, Fernandez Vila FC, Perez Martinez TM, Aliseda Perez D. A fluorophotometric study on the aqueous humor dynamics in primary open angle glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 16:311- (1992). PubMed

Bloom JN, Levene RZ, Thomas G, Kimura R. Fluorophotometry and the rate of aqueous flow in man. I. Instrumentation and normal values. Arch Ophthalmol 94:435-443 (1976). PubMed

Bogner B, Runge C, Strohmaier C, Trost A, Tockner B, Kiel JW, Schroedl F, Reitsamer HA. The effect of vasopressin on ciliary blood flow and aqueous flow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci:396-403 (2014). PubMed

Brubaker RF. Measurement of Aqueous Flow By Fluorophotometry. From Book: The Glaucomas, Volume 1 pp: 337- , (1989)

Brubaker RF. Measurement with fluorophotometry: I. Plasma Binding. II. Anterior segment and III. Aqueous humor flow. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 222:190-193 (1985). PubMed

Brubaker RF. The flow of aqueous humor in the human eye. Tr Am Ophth Soc 80:391-474 (1982). PubMed

Brubaker RF, Gaasterland D. The effect of isoproterenol on aqueous humor formation in humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25:357-359 (1984). PubMed

Brubaker RF, Gharagozloo NZ, Baker RH. Unilateral exfoliation syndrome without glaucoma – A comparison of aqueous dynamics between affected and normal eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32 (Suppl.):788 (1991).

Brubaker RF, Ingram CJ, Schoff EO, Nau CB. Comparison of the efficacy of betaxolol-brinzolamide and timolol-dorzolamide as suppressors of aqueous humor flow in human subjects. Ophthalmology 107(2):283-7 (2000). PubMed

Brubaker RF, Liesesans TJ. Effect of trabecular photocoagulation on the aqueous humor dynamics of the human eye. Am J Ophthalmol 96:139-147 (1983). PubMed

Brubaker RF, Maurice DM, McLaren JW. Fluorometry of the anterior segment. In Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, Ed. Masters, B.R., Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 248-280 (1990).

Brubaker RF, McLaren JW. Uses of fluorophotometry in glaucoma research. Ophthalmology 92:884-890 (1985). PubMed

Brubaker RF, Nagataki S, Townsend DJ, Burns RR, Higgins RG, Wentworth W. The effect of age on aqueous humor formation in man. Ophthalmology 88:283-288 (1981). PubMed

Brubaker RF, Schoff EO, Nau CB, Carpenter SP, Chen K, Vandenburgh AM. Effects of AGN 192024, a new ocular hypotensive agent, on aqueous dynamics. Am J Ophthalmol 131(1):19-24 (2001). PubMed

Burstein NL, Sears ML, Mead A. Aqueous flow in human eyes is reduced by forskolin, a potent adenylate cyclase activator. Exp Eye Res 39:745-749 (1984). PubMed

Camras CB, Podos SM, Rosenthal JS, Lee PY, Severin CH. Multiple dosing of prostaglandin F or epinephrine on cynomologus monkey eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28:463-469 (1987). PubMed

Carlson KH, McLaren JW, Topper JE, Brubaker RF. Effect of body position on intraocular pressure and aqueous flow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28:1346-1352 (1987). PubMed

Cawrse MA, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Effects of topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 62(6):859-63 (2001). PubMed

Chien FY, Wang RF, Mittag TW, Podos SM. Effect of WIN 55212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys. Arch Ophthalmol 121(1):87-90 (2003). PubMed

Coakes RL, Brubaker RF. Method of measuring aqueous humor flow and corneal endothelial permeability using a fluorophotometry monogram. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18:288-302 (1979). PubMed

Coakes RL, Brubaker RF. The mechanism of timolol in lowering intraocular pressure in the normal eye. Arch Ophthalmol 96:2045-2048 (1978). PubMed

Cole DF, Monro PAG. The use of fluorescein-labeled dextrans in investigation of aqueous humour outflow in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res 23:571-585 (1976). PubMed

Crosson CE. Intraocular pressure responses to the adenosine agonist cyclohexyladenosine: evidence for a dual mechanism of action. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42(8):1837-40 (2001). PubMed

Crumley WR, Rankin AJ, Allbaugh RA. Evaluation of the aqueous humor flow rate in the eyes of clinically normal cats by use of fluorophotometry. Am J Vet Res 73(5):704-8. (2012). PubMed

Dailey RA, Brubaker RF, Bourne WM. The effects of timolol maleate and acetazolamide on the rate of aqueous formation in normal human subjects. Am J Ophthalmol 93:232-237 (1982). PubMed

Diestelhorst M, Hinzpeter B, Krieglstein GK. The effect of isosorbide-mononitrate eye drops on the human intraocular pressure and aqueous humor dynamics. Int Ophthalmol. 15:259-62. (1991). PubMed

Diestelhorst M, Krieglstein GK. The influence of cataract extraction & posterior chamber lens implantation on aqueous humor dynamics. Prospective fluorophotometric study. J Fr Ophthal 14:255- (1991). PubMed

Fan S, Agrawal A, Gulati V, Neely DG, Toris CB. Daytime and nighttime effects of brimonidine on IOP and aqueous humor dynamics in participants with ocular hypertension. J Glaucoma. 23(5):276-81 (2014). PubMed

Fan S, Hejkal JJ, Gulati V, Galata S, Camras CB, Toris CB. Aqueous humor dynamics during the day and night in volunteers with ocular hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 129(9):1162-6 (2011). PubMed

Fernández-Barrientos Y, García-Feijoó J, Martínez-de-la-Casa JM, Pablo LE, Fernández-Pérez C, García Sánchez J. Fluorophotometric study of the effect of the glaukos trabecular microbypass stent on aqueous humor dynamics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(7):3327-32 (2010). PubMed

Fischer KM, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Effects of a topically applied 2% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ophthalmic solution on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res. 74(2):275-80 (2013). PubMed

Fischer KM, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Two Time Point Versus 4 Time Point Data Acquisition in Aqueous Humor Flow Rate Determinations by Fluorophotometry. J Glaucoma 23(9):613-5 (2014). PubMed

Fuwa M, Toris CB, Fan S, Taniguchi T, Ichikawa M, Odani-Kawabata N, Iwamura R, Yoneda K, Matsugi T, Shams NK, Zhang JZ. Effects of a Novel Selective EP2 Receptor Agonist, Omidenepag Isopropyl, on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Laser-Induced Ocular Hypertensive Monkeys. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 34(7):531-537 (2018). PubMed

Everitt DE, Boike SC, Piltz-Seymour JR, VanCoevorden R, Audet P, Zariffa N, Jorkasky D.   Effect of intravenous fenoldopam on intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension.   J Clin Pharmacol 37:312-320 (1997). PubMed

Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL, Hara H. Pharmacological characteristics of AFP-168 (tafluprost), a new prostanoid FP receptor agonist, as an ocular hypotensive drug. Exp Eye Res 78(4):767-76 (2004). PubMed

Gabelt BT, Millar CJ, Kiland JA, Peterson JA, Seeman JL, Kaufman PL. Effects of serotonergic compounds on aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys. Curr Eye Res 23(2):120-7 (2001). PubMed

Gabelt BT, Wiederholt M, Clark AF, Kaufman PL.  Anterior segment physiology after bumetanide inhibition of Na-K-Cl cotransport.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:1700-1707 (1997). PubMed

Gaul GR, Brubaker RF. Measurement of aqueous flow in rabbits with corneal and vitreous depots of fluorescent dye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27:1331-1335 (1986). PubMed

Gharagozloo NZ, Larson RS, Kullerstrand LJ, Brubaker RF. Terbutaline stimulates aqueous humor flow in humans during sleep. Arch Ophthalmol. 106:1218-20. (1988). PubMed

Gharagozloo NZ, Relf SJ, Brubaker RF Aqueous flow is reduced by the alpha-adrenergic agonist, apraclonidine hydrochloride Ophthalmology 95:1217-1220 (1988). PubMed

Gonzalez de la Rosa M, Perez Barreto L, Del Rosario Cedres D. Action of prostaglandins on the dynamics of the aqueous humor. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 222:182-185 (1985). PubMed

Green K, Phillips CI, Elijah RD. Decreased intraocular pressure and aqueous humor turnover rate during longitudinal ocular studies in the rabbit. Curr Eye Res. 4:155-8. (1985). PubMed

Green K, Phillips C, Gore S, Elijah D. Steroid antagonist effect on rabbit intraocular pressure and aqueous turnover rate. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26(Suppl):103 (1985).

Gulati V1 Fan S1 Gardner BJ, Havens SJ, Schaaf MT, Neely DG, Toris CB. Mechanism of Action of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty and Predictors of Response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 58(3):1462-1468 (2017). PubMed

Gulati V, Fan S, Zhao M, Maslonka MA, Gangahar C, Toris CB. Diurnal and nocturnal variations in aqueous humor dynamics of patients with ocular hypertension undergoing medical therapy. Arch Ophthalmol 130(6):677-84 (2012). PubMed

Gulati V, Ghate DA, Camras CB, Toris CB. Correlations between parameters of aqueous humor dynamics and the influence of central corneal thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(2):920-6 (2011). PubMed

Gulati V, Toris CB. Assumption constraints of fluorophotometry in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(3):1312-3 (2011). PubMed

Guo T, Sampathkumar S, Fan S, Morris N, Wang F, Toris CB. Aqueous humour dynamics and biometrics in the ageing Chinese eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 101(9):1290-1296 (2017). PubMed

Haddadin RI, Oh DJ, Kang MH, Villarreal G Jr, Kang JH, Jin R, Gong H, Rhee DJ. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1)-null and TSP2-null mice exhibit lower intraocular pressures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(10):6708-17 (2012). PubMed

Hara T, Obata H, Shirato S, Araie M.  [The cytotoxic effect of topical mitomycin C on the ciliary body in rabbits]. [Article in Japanese].  Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 102:88-94 (1998). PubMed

Hayashi M, Yablonski ME, Novack GD. Trabecular outflow facility determined by fluorophotometry in human subjects. Exp Eye Res 48:1321 (1989). PubMed

Heinrich SR, Abboud CF, Brubaker RF. Desmopressin increases aqueous flow very slightly in humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32 (Suppl.):871 (1991).

Heyne GW, Kiland JA, Kaufman PL, Gabelt BT. Effect of nitric oxide on anterior segment physiology in monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 30;54(7):5103-10 (2013) PubMed

Higgins RG, Brubaker RF. Acute effect of epinephrine on aqueous humor formation in the timolol-treated normal eye as measured by fluorophotometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19:420-423 (1980). PubMed

Hughes L, Maurice DM. A fresh look at iontophoreses. Arch Ophthalmol 102:1825-1829 (1984). PubMed

Ingram CJ, Brubaker RF. Effect of brinzolamide and dorzolamide on aqueous humor flow in human eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 128(3):292-6 (1999). Erratum in: Am J Ophthalmol 128(5):672 (1999). PubMed

Isobe T, Mizuno K, Kaneko Y, Ohta M, Koide T, Tanabe S. Effects of K-115, a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor, on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Rabbits. Curr Eye Res (2014). PubMed

Jacob E, FitzSimon JS, Brubaker RF.  Combined corticosteroid and catecholamine stimulation of aqueous humor flow.  Ophthalmology 103:1303-1308 (1996). PubMed

Johnson DH, Brubaker RF. Dynamics of aqueous humor in the syndrome of exfoliation with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 93:629-634 (1982). PubMed

Johnson F, Maurice D. A simple method of measuring aqueous humor flow with intravitreal fluoresceinated dextrans. Exp Eye Res 39:791-805 (1984). PubMed

Johnson TV, Fan S, Zhan G, Camras CB, Toris CB. Efficacy and mechanisms of intraocular pressure reduction with latanoprost and timolol in participants with ocular hypertension: a comparison of 1 and 6 weeks of treatment. J Glaucoma 19(6):356-64 (2010). PubMed

Jones FR, Maurice DM. New methods of measuring the rate of aqueous flow in man with fluorescein. Exp Eye Res 5:208-220 (1966). PubMed

Jones MP, Ward DA. Fluorophotometric determination of aqueous humor flow rates in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Am J Vet Res 73(4):551-5 (2012). PubMed

Kanno M, Araie M, Tomita K, Sawanobori K. Effects of topical nipradilol, a beta-blocking agent with alpha-blocking and nitroglycerin-like activities, on aqueous humor dynamics and fundus circulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:736-743 (1998). PubMed

Kaplan BH, Kalina PH, Larsson LI, Pach JM, Brubaker RF.  Aqueous humor flow in unilateral carotid stenosis.  J Glaucoma 5:237-240 (1996). PubMed

Kiel JW, Reitsamer HA, Walker JS, Kiel FW. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on ciliary blood flow, aqueous production and intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 73(3):355-64 (2001). PubMed

Kimura R, Honda M. Effect of orally administered hydrocortisone on the rate of aqueous flow in man. Acta Ophthalmol (Denmark) 60:584-589 (1982). PubMed

Kotikoski H, Oksala O, Vapaatalo H, Aine E. Aqueous humour flow after a single oral dose of isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy volunteers. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 81(4):355-60 (2003). PubMed

Lane JT, Larson L, Fan S, Stoner JA, Margalit E, Toris CB. Intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in patients with type 1 diabetes and microvascular complications. BMC Ophthalmol 10:19 (2010). PubMed

Lane JT, Toris CB, Nakhle SN, Chacko DM, Wang YL, Yablonski ME. Acute effects of insulin on aqueous humor flow in patients with type 1 diabetes. Am J Ophthalmol 132(3):321-7 (2001). PubMed

Larsson LI. Aqueous humor flow in normal human eyes treated with brimonidine and timolol, alone and in combination. Arch Ophthalmol 119(4):492-5 (2001). PubMed

Larson RS, Brubaker RF. Isoproterenol stimulates aqueous flow in humans with Horner’s syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:621-625 (1988). PubMed

Larsson LI, Alm A.  Aqueous humor flow in human eyes treated with dorzolamide and different doses of acetazolamide.  Arch Ophthalmol 116:19-24 (1998). PubMed

Lavery WJ, Kiel JW. Effects of head down tilt on episcleral venous pressure in a rabbit model. Exp Eye Res. 111:88-94 (2013). PubMed

Leavitt JA, Wayman LL, Hodge DO, Brubaker RF. Pupillary response to four concentrations of pilocarpine in normal subjects: application to testing for Adie tonic pupil. Am J Ophthalmol 133(3):333-6 (2002). PubMed

Lee DA, Brubaker RF, Nagataki S. Acute effect of thymoxamine on aqueous humor formation in the epinephrine-treated normal eye as measured by fluorophotometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24:165-168 (1983). PubMed

Lee DA, Brubaker RF, Nagataki S. Effect of thymoxamine on aqueous humor formation in the normal human eye as measured by fluorophotometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 21:805-811 (1981). PubMed

Lee PY, Podos SM, Serle JB, Mittag TW, Severin CH. Effect of alfuzosin on aqueous humor dynamics in rabbit, normal and glaucomatous monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32 (Suppl.):869 (1991).

Lee PY, Podos SM, Severin C. Effect of prostaglandin F2 Alpha on aqueous humor dynamics of rabbit, cat and monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25:1087-1093 (1984). PubMed

Lee T, Kiuchi Y, Gregory DS. The effect of exposure to light during the dark phase of the circadian cycle on IOP and aqueous flow in NZW rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32 (Suppl.):887 (1991).

Levene RZ, Bloom JN, Kimura R. Fluorophotometry and the rate of aqueous flow in man II. Primary open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 94:444-447 (1976). PubMed

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Linden C, Alm A.  Physostigmine increases aqueous humor production in human eyes.  Curr Eye Res 16:1166-1170 (1997). PubMed

Liu H, Fan S, Gulati V, Camras LJ, Zhan G, Ghate D, Camras CB, Toris CB. Aqueous humor dynamics during the day and night in healthy mature volunteers. Arch Ophthalmol 129(3):269-75 (2011). PubMed

March WF, Shaver RP. Fluorescein in laser sclerostomy. Am J Ophthalmol 432-433 (1987). PubMed

Maurice D. Flow of water across aqueous-vitreous interface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26(Suppl):107 (1985).

Maurice D. Where the Rainbow Ends: The future of anterior segment fluorometry. Proc Int Soc Ocul Fluor, Eds. Cunha-Vaz, J.G., and Leite, E.B., Kugler & Ghedini, Amsterdam, pp 1-7 (1989).

Maus TL, Brubaker RF. Measurement of aqueous humor flow by fluorophotometry in the presence of a dilated pupil. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(2):542-6 (1999). PubMed

Maus TL, Larsson LI, McLaren JW, Brubaker RF.  Comparison of dorzolamide and acetazolamide as suppressors of aqueous humor flow in humans.  Arch Ophthalmol 115:45-49 (1997). PubMed

Maus TL, McLaren JW, Brubaker RF. A comparison of two methods of measuring aqueous flow in humans: fluorophotometry and flare measurement. Curr Eye Res 12:621- (1993). PubMed

Maus TL, Nau C, Brubaker RF. Comparison of the early effects of brimonidine and apraclonidine as topical ocular hypotensive agents. Arch Ophthalmol 117(5):586-91 (1999). PubMed

McCannel CA, Heinrich SR, Brubaker RF. Acetazolamide but not timolol lowers aqueous humor flow in sleeping humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32 (Suppl.):1256 (1991).

McLaren JW, Herman DC, Brubaker RF, Nau CB, Wayman LL, Ciarniello MG, Rosignoli MT, Dionisio P. Effect of ibopamine on aqueous humor production in normotensive humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(11):4853-8 (2003). PubMed

Metge P, Bonnefoy-Mandirac C, Chauvet G, Pepiot M, Faure M. Comparative clinical fluorometry of the aqueous humor. Results in aphakia and pseudophakia. Bull Mem Soc Fr Ophthalmol 94:350-354 (1982). PubMed

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Nagataki S, Brubaker RF. Early effect of epinephrine on aqueous formation in the normal human eye. Ophthalmology 88:278-282 (1981). PubMed

Nagataki S, Brubaker RF. Effect of pilocarpine on aqueous humor formation in human beings. Arch Ophthalmol 100:818-821 (1982). PubMed

Nagataki S, Koseki Y, Yamakawa R, Koibuchi H.  Effect of nipradilol on aqueous flow in glaucoma patients treated with timolol.  Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 101:252-256 (1997). PubMed

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Reiss GR, Brubaker RF. The mechanism of betaxolol, a new ocular hypotensive agent. Ophthalmology 90:1369-1372 (1983). PubMed

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Schadlu R, Maus TL, Nau CB, Brubaker RF.  Comparison of the efficacy of apraclonidine and brimonidine as aqueous suppressants in humans. Arch Ophthalmol 116:1441-1444 (1998). PubMed

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